Besides its structure, feet are quite complex when you consider their purpose: support, balance and propulsion. This is all the more true for a dancer.

Just as musicians must keep their instruments in good working order, so also dancers must pay close attention to the health of their feet.

Foot Maintenance

Dancers are known for their attractive feet. Pedicures and fancy nail art aren’t a part of the typical dancer’s vocabulary. But for dancers, preventing and treating minor injuries along with taking good general care of their feet is a routine way of life.

These tips can help dancers keep their feet as happy as dancers’ feet can be.

1. Cut toenails short and straight across.  The toenail should be straight across and not curved. Curved nails or nails that are too long can lead to ingrown toenails. The length of the nail should show only a very small amount of white. Use clippers – not scissors – to get a clean, straight cut.
2. Don’t wear nail polish. Polish prevents viewing what may be underneath the nail (e.g. problems like bruised or ingrown nails). This doesn’t mean nail polish on your toenails is forbidden forever, but polish should be reserved only for special events and then removed before the next class. (Or wear clear polish so the health of the nail and underneath the nail can be clearly seen.)
3. Learn to love calluses. Keep calluses trimmed. They can become overly thick and may cause pain. They can feel bumpy against the shoe or against the floor. Generally, calluses are a good thing, because they will help to protect against blisters and abrasions so avoid filing them off.
4. Things to avoid when calluses appear. Avoid soaking your callused feet or cutting calluses open, because they could create very sore, raw areas that can also cause infection. Gently treating calluses with a pumice stone is a good choice. Never feel that removing the callus is your best choice. Calluses actually provide a certain degree of protection when dancing. As far as your pumice stone goes, choose one that doesn’t cause irritation to your feet. Don’t rub too hard when using the pumice stone, because that too can irritate the skin or cause your calluses to break open.
5. And then there were corns. Corns are a common foot problem among ballet dancers – most commonly developing between the toes. One cause of this can be wearing tight pointe shoes. When corns present persistent problems, it’s best to seek the advice of a podiatrist and obtain professional help in fitting your pointe shoes. Wearing ballet shoes without tights can also cause corns as can wearing street shoes without socks, so be certain to avoid both.
6. Take care of blisters.Blisters are just going to happen in pointe work, especially when new shoes are being broken in. Blisters can also result from rubbing in soft ballet shoes, jazz shoes or harder tap or character shoes. Blisters can occur anywhere on the foot, but they generally tend to pop up on the surface of the toes, inside or outside border of the metatarsals, or on the heel. Even the smallest of blisters can be very painful for the active ballerina.
   • Clear colored blister without broken skin: Use a sterilized needle to pop the blister and to drain out the liquid; however, don’t remove the loose skin. Cover the blister with a sterile strip as well as a strip of athletic tape. If the skin has begun to tear, use a small pair of scissors to remove any loose skin, and then cover the wound with a sterile strip and strip of athletic tape.
   • Red colored blister: Blood blisters should be left to heal on their own, so regardless of how tempting it is, do notpop. Cover the blister with a sterile strip and a strip of athletic tape.
   • For painful blisters, cut the center out of a small piece of moleskin in order to form a donut shape. This prevents the surface of the shoe from rubbing on the blister until the blister heals.  Cut a square or circle that’s bigger than your blister.  Fold in half and make a slit.  Putting the scissors through the slit, then cut an inner circle the size of the blister.  Remove the paper covering and stick the moleskin pad in order to surround the blister.
   • Check the fit of the shoe. Blisters are normal with new shoes, but if blisters are appearing on a regular basis, there may be a different style of shoe which is a better fit for you
7. Pay special attention to your big toe. Proper protection for your big toe is essential, especially if you wear ballet pointe shoes. Make sure your big toe is properly protected so that you’re preventing against bruised toenails. If your toenails dobecome bruised, the nail may turn black and blue and fall off. This will cause a host of problems when it comes to dance.

Some Basic Foot Care Tips

1. Alternate your ballet shoes. If possible, have two pairs of ballet shoes so that you can alternate them – not wearing either pair for two consecutive days. This allows your ballet shoes to dry out so that foot fungus has no chance of setting in.
2. Be sure to moisturize. You ballet teacher or another ballet dancer may be able to recommend a good foot moisturizer. Make moisturizing your feet a daily regimen – focusing on the areas of the foot that are prone to developing calluses, corns and blisters. Foot moisturizers are often very rich and thick so that they penetrate the rough skin on your feet; because of this, consider doing your regimen before bedtime – and cover your moisturized feet with socks to get even more value from your moisturizer.
3. Wear your padding. Ballet pointe shoes require proper padding – every time you dance en pointe – to protect your feet. The toe box of your shoes should be padded with either gel toe pads or wool toe pads.
4. Dancing with injuries. If you’ve injured your feet or toes, wrap the affected area in medicated gauze before dancing in order to minimize further injury or infection. If your pain persists, it may be necessary to take a day or two off from dancing so that your feet can properly heal. Covering the affected area with a gel or foam padding can help too.
5. Can arch bands help? Arch bands can help to support your feet and prevent tendonitis. Wrap your feet with stretchable bandages before you put on your ballet shoes; then keep them wrapped when in street shoes if you’re recovering from a foot or ankle injury.
6. If the shoe fits. The importance of a proper ballet shoe fit cannot be stressed enough, and the best way to make sure your shoes are a good fit is to visit a professional ballet shoe store. Your ballet teacher can probably recommend someone. Pointe ballet shoes must fit perfectly or they could cause major problems for the feet and ankles. The shoe box of the pointe ballet shoes must accommodate your toes properly. Wearing pointe ballet shoes that don’t fit properly can lead to a number of problems: bruised toes, ingrown toenails, calluses and blisters, among others.
7. Persistent foot problems. If this is the case with you, a visit to a podiatrist or foot care specialist is probably the best thing to do. The doctor can address your problems and help to prevent them from worsening. Small foot problems can quickly turn into big foot problems if left unattended.

Dance Bag Inventory

Feet can’t be properly maintained without the right supplies – especially for pointe dancers. A pointe dancer’s bag should contain:

• Nail clippers
• Band-aids
• Athletic tape
• Moleskin
• Extra lamb’s wool or toe pads
• Needle and thread
• Extra elastic
• Small pair of scissors
• Tennis ball or foot roller

These are the essentials. There may be plenty of other helpful things that are commonly found in dancers’ bags.

See what some dancers have in their bags!

YouTube video 1

YouTube video 2

YouTube video 3

Foot Health’s Impact on Dance Technique

The Arches

“High arches,” “low arches,” or “flat feet” are terms often used when describing feet – including dancers’ feet. The way the middle portion of the foot is shaped can greatly impact a dancer’s technique and alignment.

Instead of thinking as the arch as one thing, there are actually 4 of them along the foot.  Their anatomical names are medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, anterior metatarsal and transverse.

The two longitudinal arches span the length of the foot, from the heel to the head of the metatarsals at the base of the toes. Medial indicates the pass toward the midline of the body over the great toe, and lateral passes along the outer edge of the foot from the heel to the fifth (pinky) toe.

A weak lateral longitudinal arch contributes to sickling and supination, while a weak or flattened medial longitudinal arch leads to pronation. Conversely, a dancer with a pronounced medial longitudinal arch (commonly referred to as a high arch) may also roll to the outside of the foot (supination).

The metatarsal arch spans the five metatarsal bones, and the transverse arch reaches across the lower ankle from the cuboid bone to the internal (or first) cuneform. This arch essentially mirrors the elastic on a ballet slipper. Both are used in stability and balance, particularly en relevé.

Injury from Inattention

A number of injuries can stem from the failure to pay close attention to the use of the foot.

Improper alignment of the foot in relevés and landings from jumps can lead to ankle spring and fifth metatarsal fracture – commonly known as Dancers’ Fracture. These two injuries are the most common dance injuries.

Poor alignment of the foot and arch can also weaken the ligaments that connect its many bones. This can result in a fallen arch – the permanent loss of flexibility and lift in the longitudinal arches – along with a host of secondary conditions such as tendonitis, fractures, and integumentary (skin and nail) problems.

Because of the demand which dancers place on the feet, fallen arches or improper technique at this part of the body can also impact the entire alignment of the body and contribute to acute or chronic injury at the ankle, knee, hip, or back.

Build Strong Feet

There are some out-of-class exercises that can help dancers maintain and improve strength in the feet. A theraband is a good investment for assistance with these exercises, but a towel is a good cost-free alternative (or the exercise can be done without resistance.)

1. Point and flex: Sitting on the floor, point and flex feet slowly with the theraband around the top half of the foot.
2. Pick up wash cloth: From a sitting position, place a small towel or washcloth on the ground and try to pick it up with just the toes.
3. Toe sit-ups: Point toes and just lift the toes up and then back to point.  Repeat 12 times, rest, and repeat two more sets of 12.
4. Ankle rolls: With a theraband, slowly roll the ankle outward 12 times and inward 12 times, articulating through the foot as much as possible.  Rest and repeat two more times.

Growth Spurts

All dancers go through growth spurts. The younger they start studying with you, the more growth spurts you’ll observe. The good news, is you’ll be there to help them through those times so they don’t hurt or injure themselves inadvertently. As you know, a dancer’s feet don’t mature until late in their teens. And the more eager, passionate, ambitious, and enthusiastic a dancer is, the easier it becomes for them to overdo exercising and practicing, all of which can be a formula for injured feet not to mention ankles, knees, and hips! Be sure to read Dancers and Growth Spurts for tips on how to help them through these challenging and frustrating times.

Sources: Dance Advantage, Medscape, Ballerina Diary